Introduction
I
am going to write a report on India because it is our
neighbor country. Having
enough information about your neighbor is the need of the hour. We will first
have a brief history about India. Then we will analyze its government
structure, economy, health care situation, education, family life and other
social issues lying within the country.
India
–( Human Development Rank-135,Released on July 24, 2014)
1.
Brief
History
1. The Indus valley culture saw its origin
in the land now recognized as India around 2500 BC. The people inhabit the
Indus River valley were considered to be Dravidians, whose children later migrate
to the south of India. The decline of this culture that developed a civilization
base on commerce and sustained by farming trade can be recognized to ecological
changes. The second millennium BC was eyewitness to the immigration of the
bucolic Aryan tribe from the North West frontier into the sub continent. These
tribes slowly amalgamated with their antecedent culture to give birth to a fresh
milieu. The Aryan tribes soon started trenchant the east, prosperous along the
Ganga and Yamuna Rivers. By 500 BC, the entire of northern India was a cultured
land where people had information of iron equipment and worked as labor, willingly
or else. (Smith, 1999)
2.
Type
of government
Since
partition 1947 the government structure is given below: -
Government Name: Republic of India
Constitution: Adopted: 1950; Lays down the
framework for fundamental political philosophy, establish structure, and set
out basic rights.
Government Type: Federal Republic
Chief of State: President
Head of Government: Prime Minister
Executive:
The
president serve as commander-in-chief, can award pardon or decrease the
sentence of a convicted person, and appoint various governors and further
positions. The president is indirectly chosen by an electoral college for 5
years.
Judicial:
|
Enforce fundamental constitutional rights; issues direction,
orders, or writs; and might direct the shift of any civil or criminal casing.
It is selected
by the president for life appointment.
Legislative:
1. Sabha and Lok Sabha Rajya are the
chief legislative bodies of administration that are accountable for executing
the legislative everyday jobs of the government. The Rajya Sabha consisted of
233 members who are indirectly voted by the state legislatures. The Lok Sabha
consisted of 543 members who are nominated by plurality vote in single-member
constituency and 2 members who are selected by the president. Lok Sabha
members are selected for 5 years while Rajya Sabha members are selected for 6.
(Kochanek & Hardgrave2007)
Before independence it
was a colony of British empire.
|
3.
Economy
·
GNP
(country income per year, 2013): 4.99 trillion
·
GNI
(income per person per year, 2013): $4,000
2.
The post independence-era Indian financial
system (1947-1991) was a mixed economy
with centrally premeditated, interventionist policies and
import-substituting trade as well as industry model that failed to takes benefit
of the post-war increase of trade and that publicly owned many sectors of its financial
system. India's share of worldwide trade fell from 1.4% in 1953 to 0.6% in
1983. The model contributed to common inefficiencies and corruption, and it was
badly implemented. After a fiscal crisis of 1991, India has gradually more
adopted free-market doctrine and liberalized its financial system to global
trade. (Rothermund, 2002)
4.
Health
Care
·
Life
expectancy (2012): 64-68 years
·
Expenditure
per year on health care (% of GNP), 2012: $157
·
Health
care is not free for all in India. Some sort of relief is given to public in
health care expenditures, but dependent on age, income etc.
·
Post-independence
India’s mainly noteworthy accomplishment, in the public health field, has been
the decline in death rates (mortality). In 1951 the at-birth
life expectation was around 37years which enlarged to nearly 65 years by
2011. A number of disease-fronts where important results have been
achieved include leprosy, cholera, malnutrition, malaria, tuberculosis HIV and
TB.
5.
Education
·
Expenditure
(% of GNP), 2011: 3.5%
·
Literacy
rate, 2011: 74.04%
·
Indian
literacy percentage has
grown-up to 74.04% (2011 figure) from 12% at the conclusion of British rule in 1947. This was a bigger
than six fold development.
·
Third
level is not free for every one; it is dependent on income, student performance
and etc.
·
During colonial era, the British started to steadily
take over the traditional education system. During 1881–82 and 1946–47, the English
primary schools grow from 82,916-134,866 and the numbers of students in English
Schools grow from 2,061,541-10,525,943. Literacy percentage in accordance to
British in India rise from 3.2% in 1881 to 7.2% in 1931 and 12.2% in 1947.
During
2000–01, there were 60,840 pre-primary and 664,041 primary and junior basic
schools. Overall admissions at the primary level have enlarged from 19,200,000
in 1950–51 to 109,800,000 as of 2001–02 figures. The high schools in 2000–01
was high than the number of primary schools at the time of freedom.
6.
Family
Life
·
In
India extended family system prevails.
·
There
is rate of about 3 children per family.
·
fertility
rate has more than halved (from 5.7 in 1966 to 2.4 in 2012), but the national
fertility rate is still high enough to cause long-term population growth
7.
Social
Issues
3.
The
social troubles in India today have their extraction in the variety
of religion, language, culture, region and caste. Connection to one’s region,
language, religion is a usual sentiment but when the attachments grow to an intense
level to breed narrow-mindedness for other regions, religions or languages,
problems are bound to rise. Main social issues are religious violence, Naxalite
Maoist insurgency, Caste related violence, terrorism etc. (Mahadevan,
2012)
·
India has formulated the National
Policy on social issues and to ensure that it is implemented in letter and strength
of mind. Planned growth, including expanding access and improving quality of
the life throughout the country, including in the regions where people do not
have easy access to education. Paying special attention to disadvantaged groups
like the females, poor and the minorities. Supply financial help to people so
they would not need to follow any bad source to generate income for their self.
Conclusion:
Before doing this project I didn’t know much
about India. After the project I have acquired enough knowledge about the
country. During the project few things which were interesting for me were: -
Ø
India’s
decrease in death rate
Ø
Increase
in life expectance
Ø
Extreme
improvement in literacy rate
Ø
Naxalite
Maoist insurgency
References
1. Smith,
V. A. (1999). The early history of India. Atlantic Publishers &
Dist.
2.
Kochanek, S., & Hardgrave, R.
(2007). India: Government and politics in a developing nation. Cengage
Learning.
3.
Rothermund, D. (2002). An
economic history of India. Routledge.
4.
Mahadevan, P. (2012). The Maoist
insurgency in India: between crime and revolution. Small Wars &
Insurgencies, 23(2), 203-220.